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The science of magic squares witnessed an important development in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, with a great variety of construction methods being created and ameliorated. The initial step was the translation, in the ninth century, of an anonymous Greek text containing the description of certain highly developed arrangements, no doubt the culmination of ancient research on magic squares.
I. Introduction.- II. Ordinary magic squares.- A. Squares of odd orders.- B. Squares of evenly-even orders.- C. Squares of evenly-odd orders.- III. Composite magic squares.- A. Equal subshares displaying different sums.- B. Equal subshares displaying equal sums.- C. Division into unequal parts.- IV. Bordered magic squares.- A. Squares of odd orders.- B. Squares of evenly-even orders.- C. Squares of evenly-odd orders.- V. Bordered squares with separation by parity.- 1. The main square and its parts.- 2. Filling the inner square.- 3. Filling the remainder of the square by trial and error.- A. Methodical filling of the oblique square.- B. Methodical placing of the even numbers.- C. Particular case of the order 5.- VI. Magic squares with non-consecutive numbers.- A. Squares of odd orders.- B. Squares of evenly-even orders.- C. Squares of evenly-odd orders.- VII. 1. Literal squares.- 2. Squares with one empty cell.- 3. Squares with divided cells.- 4. Magic triangles.- 5. Magic crosses.- 6. Magic circles.- 7. Magic rectangles.- 8. Magic cubes.- Appendices.- Bibliography.- Index.
Description
The science of magic squares witnessed an important development in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, with a great variety of construction methods being created and ameliorated. The initial step was the translation, in the ninth century, of an anonymous Greek text containing the description of certain highly developed arrangements, no doubt the culmination of ancient research on magic squares.
