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Early in his career, Adolf Hitler took inspiration from Benito Mussolini, his senior colleague in fascismthis fact is widely known. But an equally important role model for Hitler and the Nazis has been almost entirely neglected: Mustafa Kemal Atat?rk, the founder of modern Turkey. Stefan Ihrigs compelling presentation of this untold story promises to rewrite our understanding of the roots of Nazi ideology and strategy.Hitler was deeply interested in Turkish affairs after 1919. He not only admired but also sought to imitate Atat?rks radical construction of a new nation from the ashes of defeat in World War I. Hitler and the Nazis watched closely as Atat?rk defied the Western powers to seize government, and they modeled the Munich Putsch to a large degree on Atat?rks rebellion in Ankara. Hitler later remarked that in the political aftermath of the Great War, Atat?rk was his master, he and Mussolini his students.This was no fading fascination. As the Nazis struggled through the 1920s, Atat?rk remained Hitlers star in the darkness, his inspiration for remaking Germany along nationalist, secular, totalitarian, and ethnically exclusive lines. Nor did it escape Hitlers notice how ruthlessly Turkish governments had dealt with Armenian and Greek minorities, whom influential Nazis directly compared with German Jews. The New Turkey, or at least those aspects of it that the Nazis chose to see, became a model for Hitlers plans and dreams in the years leading up to the invasion of Poland.
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Early in his career, Adolf Hitler took inspiration from Benito Mussolini, his senior colleague in fascismthis fact is widely known. But an equally important role model for Hitler and the Nazis has been almost entirely neglected: Mustafa Kemal Atat?rk, the founder of modern Turkey. Stefan Ihrigs compelling presentation of this untold story promises to rewrite our understanding of the roots of Nazi ideology and strategy.Hitler was deeply interested in Turkish affairs after 1919. He not only admired but also sought to imitate Atat?rks radical construction of a new nation from the ashes of defeat in World War I. Hitler and the Nazis watched closely as Atat?rk defied the Western powers to seize government, and they modeled the Munich Putsch to a large degree on Atat?rks rebellion in Ankara. Hitler later remarked that in the political aftermath of the Great War, Atat?rk was his master, he and Mussolini his students.This was no fading fascination. As the Nazis struggled through the 1920s, Atat?rk remained Hitlers star in the darkness, his inspiration for remaking Germany along nationalist, secular, totalitarian, and ethnically exclusive lines. Nor did it escape Hitlers notice how ruthlessly Turkish governments had dealt with Armenian and Greek minorities, whom influential Nazis directly compared with German Jews. The New Turkey, or at least those aspects of it that the Nazis chose to see, became a model for Hitlers plans and dreams in the years leading up to the invasion of Poland.
