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The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894-1924

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A Financial Times Book of the Year

A Foreign Affairs Book of the Year

A Spectator Book of the Year

 

“A landmark contribution to the study of these epochal events.”—The Times Literary Supplement

“Brilliantly researched and written…casts a careful eye upon the ghastly events that took place in the final decades of the Ottoman empire, when its rulers decided to annihilate their Christian subjects… Hitler and the Nazis gleaned lessons from this genocide that they then applied to their own efforts to extirpate Jews.”—Jacob Heilbrun, The Spectator

Between 1894 and 1924, three waves of violence swept across Anatolia, targeting the region’s Christian minorities, who had previously accounted for 20 percent of the population. By 1924, the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks had been reduced to 2 percent. Most historians have treated these waves as distinct, isolated events, and successive Turkish governments presented them as an unfortunate sequence of accidents. The Thirty-Year Genocide is the first account to show that the three were actually part of a single, continuing, and intentional effort to wipe out Anatolia’s Christian population.

The years in question, the most violent in the recent history of the region, began during the reign of the Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II, continued under the Young Turks, and ended during the first years of the Turkish Republic founded by Ataturk. Yet despite the dramatic swing from the Islamizing autocracy of the sultan to the secularizing republicanism of the post–World War I period, the nation’s annihilationist policies were remarkably constant, with continual recourse to premeditated mass killing, homicidal deportation, forced conversion, mass rape, and brutal abduction. And one thing more was a constant: the rallying cry of jihad. While not justified under the teachings of Islam, the killing of two million Christians was effected through the calculated exhortation of the Turks to create a pure Muslim nation.

Revelatory and impeccably researched, Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi’s account is certain to transform how we see one of modern history’s most horrific events.

Authors: Morris Benny, Ze'Evi Dror
Publisher: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Pages: 672
ISBN: 9780674251434
Cover: Paperback
Edition Number: 1
Release Year: 2021
  • Glossary
  • Place Names
  • Introduction
  • I. Abdülhamid II
    • 1. Nationalist Awakenings in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire
    • 2. The Massacres of 1894–1896
  • II. The Young Turks
    • 3. A More Turkish Empire
    • 4. The Eastern River
    • 5. The Western River, and Downstream
    • 6. A Policy of Genocide
  • III. Mustafa Kemal and the Nationalists
    • 7. Historical Background, 1918–1924
    • 8. Turks and Armenians, 1919–1924
    • 9. Turks and Greeks, 1919–1924
  • Conclusion
  • Abbreviations
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Acknowledgments
  • Illustration Credits
  • Index

Benny Morris, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, has published books about the history of the Zionist–Arab conflict. He has also written about the conflict in the New York Review of Books, New York Times, New Republic, and The Guardian.

Dror Ze’evi, Professor in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, has published several books on Ottoman and Middle Eastern history.

Dror Ze’evi, Professor in the Department of Middle Eastern Studies at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, has published several books on Ottoman and Middle Eastern history.

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